CMF Ch 8

Group 1: Kaley Lengacher


The Evolution of American Newspapers     (page 278) 

-Originally news was passed along orally rather than paper. Julius Caesar was the one who first posted news in a public place for others to view. Documenting news onto paper was known as Acta Diurna (daily events). Eventually in the 15th century the development of the printing press would help increase production of newspapers.

A.        Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press   (page 278-280)

-The first newspaper was first developed in the 1690’s in North America. It was called Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick. This was published by Benjamin Harris who had a negative attitude towards the British Rule. Because of the news he was sharing, local ministers thought it to be offensive and banned the newspaper.

-After Benjamin Harris’ newspaper failed, John Campbell published the Boston News-Letter in 1704. This newspaper appeared in the American colonies and was known as a colonial paper. Colonial papers took awhile to get to people because they had to first travel by ship. The Boston News-Letter reported on illnesses, floggings, and suicides in the local area. James Franklin, older brother of Benjamin Franklin, also created a paper known as the New England Courant, which covered business and colonial leaders in the area. Benjamin Franklin took over the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 and covered advertisement of products and political topics.

-John Peter Zenger also had a colonial paper called the New-York Weekly Journal, which made it’s debut in 1733. They ran articles the criticized the governor of New York and the British rule. Eventually, criticizing the governor became the main focus of the paper. He was arrested in 1734 for “defaming a public official’s character in point”. Andrew Hamilton defended him and won. This incident would later play a crucial part to helping the First Amendment take way.

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-There were two types of newspapers by 1765, political and commercial. Both of these shared news about both parties, and business leaders. Political papers, also known as partisan press, focused on political groups that sponsored their paper. Commercial press focused on businesses rather than the political aspects.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">B. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family: Times;color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C"> The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media (page 280)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-The cost of an average paper in the 1820’s was about 6-cents. This was more than what many people made weekly. After the Industrial Revolution though, the invention of steam powered presses made producing newspapers on cheaper paper much more timely. Companies were able to produce more papers and then sell them at a cheaper price. The cheaper papers became known as the Penny papers. 6-cent papers and penny papers began competing with one another.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">            a. Day and the New York Sun (page 280-281)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Benjamin Day founded the New York Sun in 1833. The New York Sun was a penny paper that created false stories to sell. They created stories that had human interest. Their stories would use real people and sometimes events.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">b. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family: Times;color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Times;color:#2C2C2C">Bennett and the New York Morning Herald (page 281)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Times;color:#2C2C2C">-Another penny paper included the New York Morning Herald by James Gordon Bennett. This paper was founded in 1835. Bennett created an independent paper that focused on giving news to the middle and working class. News about “scandals, business stories, a letters section, fashion notes, moral reflections, religious news, society gossip, colloquial tales and jokes, sports stories, and reports about the Civil War” were all shared in this paper. This paper became the largest paper in the 1860’s.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;color:#2C2C2C">c. Changing Economics and the Founding of the Associated Press (page 281)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;color:#2C2C2C">            -The penny papers were the first to have reporters covering the news and crime. They eventually changed from a political basis to a market one, and then to a newspaper that shared advertising, classified ads, and other street sales.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Times;color:#2C2C2C">            -In 1848, the first news wire service was established by the Associated Press (AP). The AP was formed by six different newspaper companies in New York. The wires services that they created were organizations that shared news stories and information to people around the world. They were able to do this by telegraph and radio waves. This became very useful during the Civil War. Reports were able to be transmitted back and both in a timely manner. Eventually factual news became something people wanted to know more about even more than to politics.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">C. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Times; color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation (page 282-283)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Yellow journalism came about in the 1800’s. It was something that papers used to share “human-interest stories, crime news, and large headlines”. In other words, yellow journalism would be tabloid papers that we see today. Yellow journalism was both overly dramatic and gave people news to dig deeper into. One example of  yellow journalism in a show aspect would be Access Hollywood.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">                  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zVOykWeAUE

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">                  a. Pulitzer and the New York World (page 283)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Joseph Pulitzer first began as part owner of a newspaper called the St. Louis Post and then bought the St. Louis Dispatch, which became the Post-Dispatch after being bought at an auction. This paper became known for its “sex and sin” highlighted in the stories it ran. Even though these stories ran, Pulitzer believed that the stories were good for the public. He wanted to make a newspaper that was impartial just like Bennett’s was. The Post-Dispatch soon became one of the best selling newspapers.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Pulitzer bought a newspaper called New York World. With this paper, he wanted it to be plain a simple with easy to see maps and illustrations for immigrants and those in the working class. He wanted them to be able to understand what was happening without having to read the text. In this newspaper he also ran articles on crime and sex as well as advice columns and columns for women. Advertising was also a part of his paper just like Bennett’s.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-The New York World had a key reporter by the name of Nellie Bly who went around the world in seventy-two days to beat the current record of fictional Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days. Of course Pulitzer staged these stunts, but gained supporters and readers in the act.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">                  b. Hearst and the New York Journal (page 283-284)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-To compete with the New York World came about a newspaper called the New York Journal. This was created by a man by the name of William Randolph Hearst. He bought this penny paper from his brother. Before doing this however, he inherited the San Francisco Examiner previously owned by his father. Hearst took after ideas from Bennett and Pulitzer. He too wanted to appeal to immigrant readers and the working class. His stories were fabricated and faked to give stories more appeal.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Hearst is remembered for hiring gangsters to deliver his papers. He was also remember for starting at the bottom and working himself up to be a successful editor.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism (page 284) 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family: Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">- <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Newspapers began with commercial and partisan press, but later two different forms of journalism came about. The story-driven model and the “just the facts” model. These were both something that the six-cent papers preferred rather than the commercial and partisan aspects. Both of these models will be explained further in the notes. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">A. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family: Times;color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">“Objectivity” in Modern Journalism (page 284-285)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Facts and the news became very important during the Industrial Revolution. If newspapers really wanted to grow, it was important for them not to take sides on a situation in order to try and please a wide variety of people.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">            a. Ochs and the New York Times (page 285)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-One person who modeled keeping the information purely facts was Adolph Ochs. Ochs bought the New York Times in 1896 after once working at the Chattanooga Times. Ochs was known for his prominent skills in business and organization. When Ochs took over the New York Times they focused their stories on major events and issues. Ochs approach was different from Hearst and Pulitzer. He focused on a paper that shared more information on stocks and real estate reports, businesses, court and legal reports, political leaders, theatre and book reviews, and other education information.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-In order to try and capture some of the audience that was supporters of Hearst and Pulitzer, Ochs tried a straightforward approach to news. His paper was aimed more towards that people who were well educated, but it was only a penny so anyone could afford it. He did this because he believed that more people would pay for it because it was cheap. It did not matter if they could read it or not. Eventually his tactic did work and began to attract middle class people and it also began daily circulation.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">            b. “Just the Facts, Please” (page 285- 286)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-In the early 20th century reporters started to adopt objective journalism. This is where they differentiate facts from opinions. The objective journalism was known as more of a scientific approach. The hope was that this would provide a more neutral foundation for the news and the readers.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-The way this material was presented was through the inverted-pyramid style This was a story form of sharing and showing what has been gathered. The inverted-pyramid style was started during the Civil War. It was used to share the short press releases from President Lincoln to the secretary of war. Who, what, when, and where were mentioned in these messages. This was a timely way of communication.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Even though the inverted-pyramid approach was used frequently, it was later brought to the attention of a writing coach by the name of Roy Peter Clark that some of the news began to look similar to other cases and incidents. It began to discourage some readers to read because they felt as if they had already seen this article.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">B. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family: Times;color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">Interpretive Journalism (page 286)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-During World War 1, there was tragedy throughout the world that many people felt they were not getting enough information about from the news. People had very little sense and understanding about what was going on and the complexity of the situations happening.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">            a. The Promise of Interpretive Journalism (page 286-287)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Interpretive journalism started to come about after things became more complex in the world. Interpretive journalism helps to explain important issues and events to people in a way that is historically more understanding. This helped during the New Deal era. Interpretive journalism helped address key factors to people.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-By the 1930’s, an editor and columnist by the name of Walter Lippmann shared that the press should do more and had three responsibilities to uphold. The first was “to make a current record”. The second was “to make a running analysis of it”. The third was “on the basis of both, suggest plans”. These would help journalists give a deeper analysis on the issues that they were covering.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">            b. Broadcast News Embraces Interpretive Journalism (page 287)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Because of the radio broadcasts taking off, newspapers had to become more analytical when it came to their stories. Newspapers at first were not happy that broadcasters were taking the news away from them because they (the newspapers) were the ones finding the information. The newspapers sued the radios, but the papers unfortunately lost multiple times. It wasn’t until Lowell Thomas shared a piece about Hitler’s rise to power, that broadcasters and TV hosts gave their own versions of the stories.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-The American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) began to support the idea of interpretive journalism rather than objective stories. Even with this said, many newspapers did nor accept this though. It was after the Korean War when interpretive journalism was finally really given it’s chance to grow.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">Resources used for this section of notes: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">1. Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013). Nedia and Culture: Mass Communication a Digital Age. Bedford St. Martin's: New York.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-bidi-font-style: italic">2. Michelle beadle access hollywood <span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:"TimesNewRoman""> [Web]. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zVOykWeAUE

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Group 2_Audrey Neeley
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:31.5pt">C. Literary Forms of Journalism

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1"> 1. Journalism as an Art Form

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            Journalism’s modern era- the storytelling was down played and the embracement of separating fact from opinion.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, and Stephen Crane all started out as journalists and used the technique of literary journalism.   These men made reporting more in-depth by using descriptive details, settings, and character dialogue.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            John Hersey and James Agee wrote about real events with the flair that only came with fiction writing.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            In 1960 Tom Wolfe (the most popular user of new journalism), wrote of social problems with a perspective that conventional journalism did not have.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·              The style of literary journalism was also used in magazines like Rolling Stone, and influenced daily newspapers to write about cultural trends, social issues, and to have longer feature stories.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1"> 2. The Attack of Journalistic Objectivity

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            During the 1960’s, Jack Newfield did not believe of genuine journalists and felt that reporters had become too trusting and uncritical.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            After this claim, two new forms of journalism began.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-2.0in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l5 level3 lfo1">''                                          i. ''Advocacy Journalism:   the reporter promotes a certain cause or viewpoint.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-2.0in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l5 level3 lfo1">''                                         ii. ''Precision Journalism:   making news more scientifically accurate by using poll surveys and questionnaires.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-2.0in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l5 level3 lfo1">example of polling: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/07/18/senate-immigration-plan-wins-majority-support-from-public/

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:112.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level2 lfo1"> ·            Precision journalism became more important in the 1990s and into the 2012 presidential election, this style was relied on too much and it became more like “racehorse” journalism because reporters were relying on polls telling who was “ahead” and who was “behind”.

<p class="MsoNormal">               D. Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age

<p class="MsoNormal">                   1. USA Today Colors the Print Landscape

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"> ·            USA Today made its mark by using postmodern forms with an emphasis on visual style that covered news in brief segments that appeals to readers’ busy live and short attention spans.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"> ·            USA Today was the first paper to acknowledge how important television to mass culture. The paper used “TV-inspired color” and made its first vending boxes to look like color TV’s.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"> ·            We are now a society that is not dependent on the information of books, newspapers, and magazines. We are now a society that uses a mix of print, visual, and digital information.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3"> 2. Online Journalism Redefines News

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            Online news has begun to take over the traditional role of news and is now beginning to set the nation’s cultural, political, and social agendas.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            Online news had sped up news cycle to a constant stream of information.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            Online news helps drive news stories like “Occupy Wall Street” (OWS).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            Mainstream news was slow to cover OWS but sites like Facebook and Twitter helped organize protest and also became other media sources.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            Now newsrooms are integrating their digital and print operations. Companies are asking reporters to “tweet” breaking news stories.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level2 lfo3"> ·            The only problem newsrooms are having is the timely manner for print articles. They have begun to see reporters holding out on their stories hoping to get a front page article.

<p class="MsoNormal">III. The Business and Ownership of Newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4"> A. Consensus vs. Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"> ·            Non daily papers focus on consensus-oriented journalism which has articles about local schools, social events, and town government. These newspapers do their best not to offend local advertisers because they are the ones funding the paper. At their best they bring a sense of community and at their worst they overlook problems.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"> ·              Conflict-oriented journalism is what national and metro daily newspapers stick to. Front page news consists of events and issues that conflict with social norms. Reporters see themselves as observers to their city’s problems but avoid being viewed as roles in the community politics.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"> ·            When journalists try and report “both sides of the story” they sometimes ignore the idea that there may be more than two sides to the story. This tends to happen because of space and time.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4"> B.        Newspapers Target Specific Readers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6"> ·            Historically newspapers served predominantly white readers until Benjamin Franklin launched a German language based paper in 1732 called Philadelphische Zeitung. This helped get other ethnic groups to immigrate to American society.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6"> ·            In the 1990’s there were daily and nondaily paper in at least 40 different languages being published in the United States. Long distance phones companies and internet services, advertise in these papers and has helped keep the paper financially healthy.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6"> ·            Weekly and monthly newspapers that are geared towards gays, disabled veterans, and the homeless provide viewpoints that are different from middle and upper class attitudes. These papers are published outside of the social mainstream and focus on angles that are not covered in mainstream news.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7"> 1. African American Newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The first black newspaper was the Freedom’s Journal and was operated from 1827 to 1829. It offered public voice for antislavery societies and struggled for survival because of the hate from white society and higher rates of illiteracy among readers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            New Orleans Daily Creole was the first black-owned daily paper in the south and started in 1856.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The most influential black newspaper was Frederick Douglass’s North Star, where he wrote essays of slavery. It ran from 1847 to 1860 and was a weekly antislavery paper based out of Rochester, New York.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Most black papers promoted racial pride long before the Civil Rights movement and took stands again lynching and the Ku Klux Klan.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Robert C. Vann’s weekly Pittsburgh Courier was the largest black owned paper with a circulation reaching 350,000. It helped   denounce the racial barrier in pro sports

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Circulation rates fell for black newspapers in the 1960s because television and black radio stations used money that was meant for advertising. Advertisers also pulled out during the Civil Rights movement. During the 1970s and 1980s the loss of industrial jobs reflected the loss of readers. Finally, when the Civil Rights movement passed, mainstream papers integrated with black journalists and black papers could not match offers of white-owned dailies.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7">'' 2. ''Spanish-Language Newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            In Los Angeles, La Opini ó n was founded in 1926 and is now the nation’s largest Spanish-language daily. Other prominent cities are Miami, Houston, Chicago, and New York. In 2011 over 800 Spanish-language papers operated in the United States.'''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            In the 1980’s and 1990’s mainstream papers began to offer a weekly Spanish-language supplements. The first was Miami Herald’s “El Nuevo Herald”. Other cities followed but do to budget cuts many were canceled.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Spanish-language radio and television had beaten newspapers to potential customers and advertisers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7">'' 3. ''Asian American Newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Today, 50 small U.S. papers are printed in Vietnamese. Papers like these help readers to adjust to foreign surroundings and maintain their culture.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The Weekly Bangla Patrika, a paper based out of Long Island New York, reported of the ethnic profiling of the innocent that was going on in airports after 9/11.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            In 2008, a new Chinese-language paper emerged called News for Chinese. It started out as a free monthly paper in the San Francisco area and is now published twice a week.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7">'' 4. ''Native American Newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Georgia in 1828, the Georgia Phoenix gave oppositional voice to mainstream American media. Another major paper was the Cherokee Rose Bud that was founded in 1848 by tribal women in the Oklahoma territory.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The Native American Press Association has documented more than 350 different Native American papers printed in English with few in tribal languages.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            There are currently two papers in circulation. One, Native American Times, offers a perspective on “sovereign rights, civil rights, and government-to-government relationships with the federal government”. The second is, Indian Country Today, which is based out of Oneida Nation in New York.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            In 2012 Native American journals only accounted for 0.33 percent of newsroom jobs in the United States and are down from 0.5 from 2011.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Native American newspapers help educate tribes about their heritage and build community togetherness. These papers also talk about the progress and problems among tribes that have opened casinos.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            These papers provide a forum for debates on tribal conflicts and concerns, and signal mainstream press of their issues like gambling, hunting, and fishing rights.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7">'' 5. ''Underground Press

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            These papers questioned mainstream politics and conventional values and often voicing radical opinions in that late 1960s. Underground press ran on minimal budgets and had a hard time meeting publication schedules.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            This type of press was inspired by the writings of socialists and intellectuals from the 1930s and 1940s. Underground papers were popping up on college campuses and major cities.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The most inspirational influences were poets and writers like Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Also “protest” musicians like Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Alternative papers questioned official reports by public relations agents, government spokespeople, and conventional press.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            During the 1960s underground papers documented social tension by including the voices of students, women, African Americans, Native Americans, gay men, and lesbians. Really any voice that was not used in mainstream press.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            The first and the largest underground paper was Village Voice and was founded in Greenwich Village in 1955. It is still a free paper to this day because of advertising and has a circulation of 195,000 in 2012.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Of campus underground papers, the Berkeley Barb was developed amid the free-speech movement during the mid-1960s and despite their irreverent tone, many underground papers put a spotlight on racial and gender inequities. They would push mainstream journalists to examine social issues.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Similar to the black press, many papers went under after the 1960s because their radical outlook was not attractive to advertisers. The black press and mainstream press expanded their coverage of culture by hiring the best of the underground writers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7"> ·            Today more than 120 papers are a part of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4"> C. Newspaper Operations.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:94.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo4"> ·            A weekly newspaper may only employ two or three people. A major metro daily paper may have a staff of a thousand, with workers in the newsroom, online operations, departments for circulation, advertising, and mechanical operations. Most newspapers distinguish between editorial and news functions. The papers quality is based off of news and editorial components. The business and advertising is what determines whether the paper will survive or not.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:94.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo4"> ·            Most major dailies like to devote one-half to two-thirds of the paper to advertising. Though many websites offer free advertising for cars for sale or old furniture, newspapers charge a few dollars.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:94.5pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo4"> ·            The newshole, which is a space not taken up by ads, accounts for 30 to 50 percent of daily newspapers, including front page news, and the newshole and physical size of many newspapers have shrunk since 2010.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:76.5pt">1. News and Editorial Responsibilities

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:121.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo4"> ·      In larger newspapers, the chain of command starts with the publisher and owner. It then moves down to the editor in chief and the managing editor that are in charge of the daily news-gathering and writing process. From there comes the assistant editor that are in charge of different news divisions like sports, features, and local news. Many editor jobs are now being condensed into single editor’s jobs.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:121.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo4"> ·      General Assignment reporters handle “breaking news” and work for the editors. Specialty reporters are assigned to certain topics like police, schools, and local government. On large dailies, Bureau reporters file reports from other major cities. Columnists and critics cover areas of culture like television, books, movies, and food. Back in the day, papers used to have online reporter, but the current trend has reporters do print and online versions of their stories and are responsible for videos and images to go along with it.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:121.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo4"> ·      Due to cutbacks, layoffs and closings of bureaus outside the paper’s city limits have happened. In 1985 over 600 newspapers had reporters stationed in Washington D.C. and by 2011 that number has been cutback to 300. Three companies owned by the Tribune Company, The Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Tribune, and the Baltimore Sun closed their independent bureaus in 2009 and chose to share reporters instead. The downfall of this decision is that readers have fewer versions of these stories and must rely on a single version of a news report.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:121.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo4"> ·      Between 2008 and 2009 the newsroom has lost over 11,000 jobs. A minor turnaround came in 2010 with an increase of 100 jobs. The “freestanding digital news organizations” drove up 220 more jobs.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:99.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo8"> 2. Wire Services and Feature Syndication

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo9"> ·            Major daily newspapers have hundreds of employees but they cannot cover the whole world or make enough material to fill in all the newsholes each day. So the papers rely on wire services and syndicated features to fill in these gaps. The New York Times run their own wire services selling their stories to other papers for reprint. Groups like the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) have hundreds of staff stationed in major U.S. cities and world capitals to produce stories and photos each day for distribution. Other papers also use wires from foreign countries like Agence France-Presse in Paris.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo9"> ·            Daily Papers pay monthly fees for the use of wire stories even though they only use a fraction of what is available. Editors monitor the wires daily for important stories and ideas for local angles. Wire services have expanded the reach of the news and editors depend on the wires for statewide, national, and international reports for reprinting.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo9"> ·            Feature Syndicates are commercial outlets that contract with papers to provide work from the nation’s best political writers, cartoonists, and self-help columnists. Companies like United Features and Tribune Media Services service as brokers, distributing horoscopes, and crossword puzzles that appeal to a wide audience.


 * <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">When papers bid on and acquire the rights to a cartoonist or columnist, it signs exclusivity agreements with a syndicate to ensure it is the only paper in the region carrying that “writer”.   Feature syndicates have a great influence on deciding which writers and cartoonists gain national prominence.


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Sources:

1.  Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013). Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age. Bedford St. Martin's: New York.

<p class="MsoNormal" id="table" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%">2. Bennett,. OB-GYN-GOP. 2013. Photograph. About.comWeb. 18 Jul 2013. <http://politicalhumor.about.com/od/politicalcartoons/ig/Political-Cartoons/OB-GYN-GOP.htm>.

<p class="MsoNormal" id="table" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%"> 3. Clement, Scott, and Sean Sullivan. "Senate immigration plan wins majority support from public." Washington Post [Washington D.C.] 18 07 2013, n. pag. Print. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/07/18/senate-immigration-plan-wins-majority-support-from-public/>.

<p style="margin-left: 168px;">

Group 3
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> Ali King

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:74.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-26.0pt; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">A. Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level2lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">a. Newspaper chains are newspapers that own many other newspapers throughout the country, and were originally created by Edward Willis Scripps (299). Over the past several years, newspaper ownership has suffered, because there was a decline in newspaper sales, which caused job cuts.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level2lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">b. However, in 2012 Warren Buffett (CEO) purchased several newspaper chains, which helped the newspaper industry immensely. He focused more on purchasing local newspapers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level2lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">c. The fate of newspaper chains is still unknown, but there are many ideas circulating to help the industry be more successful. (CMF, 300)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:74.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-26.0pt; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">B. Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0level2lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">a. Joint Operating Agreements, also known as JOA’s allow newspapers to share business and production while keeping their news sections separate (CMF, 300). JOA’s typically last for several years. JOA’s are significant, because they encourage competition between newspapers, which encourages the newspapers to produce better news.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">http://fwnextweb1.fortwayne.com/press/hstry_home.php

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> This link discusses the history of The Journal Gazette. Their JOA is discussed and is even mentioned in our text book!

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> Challenges Facing Newspapers Today 

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:74.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-26.0pt; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1level1lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">A. Readership Declines in the United States:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:102.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1level2lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-fareast-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">a. Circulation Crises- A few circulation crises happened. The first was during the Great Depression, and the second one happened during the 60’s and 70’s. The second one occurred because the rise in the interest of television and the lifestyle of Americans. The third crisis happened in in the early 2000’s. The decline in readership is to blame for that crisis. This is significant, because this shows how outside factors influence the readership of newspapers (television, jobs, interest, technology etc.) (CMF, 301).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:84.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"> b. Opposing Trends-Other Countries’ Rise in Newspaper: The text suggests that United States readership has declined due to the overwhelming presence of the Internet. In countries such as Asia, Africa, and South America where the Internet isn’t so readily available, readership has actually increased (CMF, 301).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> B.       Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> a. Smaller Newspapers Are Doing Better Than “Big-City Papers”-Why? 3 Reasons

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">         1. Due to the lack of television or radio coverage, people turn to newspapers, which gives the smaller newspapers a chance to prosper from local advertisers.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">         2. Smaller towns typically don’t have local new stations or radio stations covering local stories, so smaller local newspapers typically have devoted readers who are genuinely curious about local news.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">         3. Smaller newspapers typically aren’t conflict-driven in how they report news, so they don’t see a decrease in ad revenue. Not having a conflict approach certainly helps smaller newspaper keep advertisers around (CMF, 302).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> Overall, smaller newspapers include more specified news and less stories that encourage conflict which attracts local readers.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">  http://www.thenorthwestnews.com

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> The link above is my local newspaper. Northwest News is very well known for covering local high school sports. When I was in high school, I always got excited when my name or picture appeared in the sports section.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"> C.       Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> a. Online Newspapers-Online Databases, Multimedia, and Online Ads: It took newspapers a while to switch to the Internet at first due to local monopolies. However in 2010 over 1,500 newspapers are on the Internet. This is significant because the Internet allows newspapers to add more features (audio & video) and run longer stories and also reduces the expense of print. (CMF, 304)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">         i. Although these advances may sound great, online newspapers are still struggling moving to digital. Newspapers are losing advertisers and many newspapers made a big mistake of providing their news for free on the Internet, which caused them to lose a significant amount of money. (CMF, 305)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:96.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> b.       “Paywall”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:2.0in;text-indent:-48.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> i. Definition: According to the book a paywall is a way for newspapers to charge fees for online access to news content. This is significant, because this will be one of the main ways for newspapers to be successful and make more money during the digital age. (CMF, 305)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal"> ii. Example-New York Times- The New York Times has a paywall (started in 2011), because they only wanted their most committed readers online. There are different plans that cost different amounts of money. These different plans allow for either more or less access to certain stories. People immediately jumped on this. The New York Times gained more than 100,000 subscribers when the paywall was established (CMF, 306).

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">  <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">http://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp5558.html?adxc=210068&adxa=300150&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=Bar1&campaignId=3F4YQ<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica; color:#2C2C2C;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Here is New York Times digital subscription page.

<p class="MsoNormal">  Textbook Source:

<p class="MsoNormal"> Campbell, Richard, Christopher R. Martin, and Bettina Fabos. Media and culture: an introduction to mass communication. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2014. Print. <p class="MsoNormal">

Group 4
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2level1lfo1">Paul Egolf

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> A.<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Blogs Challenge Newspapers’ Authority Online <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-It was at the start of the 1990s that blogs found a niche market and began to grab reader’s attention. It was the drawing away from the mainstream newspapers to these new blogs that made many in the field of “professional journalism” weary.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">a. <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Blogs- “Real Journalism vs. Amateur”

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-Real Journalism: The term used by those in the “realm of professional journalism” This would include trained reporters and mainstreem news outlets such as ABS, CBS, & NBC.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       A term that excluded blogs at the start and introduction of blogging

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       People in the field of “Real Journalism” looked down at blogging

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-Amateur: In the context of this section of the book, amateur refers to those in the blogging industry. Often times not trained or well know people.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       This type of reporting and the respect people gave it changed very much in only 20 years.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">b. <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Blogging Trends-Timeline of Blog Evolution

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">- The rise of blogs in professional journalism changes dramatically in just 20 years. Going through many different stages, blogging was once seen as a not ever a true type of journalism, and now the mainstream media are hiring bloggers to exclusively blog of their websites.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">- 1990s: This was the real start and introduction of blogs into the area of specialized reporting. Using online blogs was look down upon by most of the professional journalists.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-1998: National Press Club president (Doug Harberct) Was Quoted as saying the following in a meeting with right sided blogger Matt Drudge, “There aren’t many in this hallowed room who consider you a journalist. Real journalists… pride themselves on getting it first and right; they get to the bottom of the story, they bend over backwards to get the other side…”

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-2005: The dynamics between the blogging world and journalism began to change for the better. It was obvious that blogging was working its way from the back burner and up to the main stream.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       At this time many established journalists even quit their jobs at the major news outlets to start new carriers in the blogging field.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-2007: Well renowned journalist John Harris had left the Washington Post and decided to start his own blog. (Politico.Com) His comrade Jim VandeHei also left with him to form the new site.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-2008: The first time a blog had won an award for good reporting. The “TalkingPoints Blog” won a Geroge Polk Award for legal reporting. Headed by Joshua Micah Marshall.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">http://www.networkworld.com/columnists/2005/021405brodsky.html

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">c. The Struggle of Newspapers and the move to Digital

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-In today’s age, the “newspaper” and Newspaper Company’s at large is facing large technological and economic complications that are hindering the room for growth and development they can utilize.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> a.<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">      <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Technological – With the new age of the internet and cable TV the newspaper is faced with competition from other media outlets that can work 24/7. Due to the fact less and less people are getting news from the papers some newspapers are on the verge of extinction.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> b.<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Economic – The cost of print and making the newspaper is growing and starting to hurt the once most popular form of news. Printing papers has two big forms of expense. First is the salaries. The second largest expense is the cost of paper. This accounts for 25% of the total cost.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> -<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">        <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">2009: the Ad revenue for print newspaper declined up to 35% for most newspapers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> -<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">        <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Newspapers realized then would need to make a transition to online media as something new and as a way to keep up with the changing times. Many newspapers started to work together with Yahoo! Not only with the creation of online news but to begin advertising campaigns.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> -<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">        <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Even with newspapers having new websites and ads that were generating income, most did not feel that they were going to be able to sustain the revenue they needed so many at this time would start to charge a fee to read the paper online.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1.25in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> -<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">        <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Paywall: This is the fee one must pay for the access to online news content.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">B. <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">New Models for Journalism

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">     - Due to the decline in the popularity of the newspapers many journalists, economists, and citizens are calling for new avenues and business models of new formats. At large there are 3 different positions people are holding; online papers, university support, and internet company involvement.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       a. Online Papers: just like that of print papers, the same journalist would report news and just have this posted online, keeping the jobs of reporters.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       b. University Support: utilizing more wealthy universities such as Harvard of Yale, they would buy and run the papers. This would create a very similar “watchdog” operation.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">       c. Internet company Support: The involvement of Google would include the donation of charitable contributions to news foundations, helping to jumpstart innovation of new digital media outlets.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.5in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">     - <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">“The Reconstruction of American Journalism” This was a report that gave an overview and recommendations that will hold the public and government officials accountable. A few of the below recommendations have already be executed.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.5in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">http://www.cjr.org/reconstruction/the_reconstruction_of_american.php

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">1. New organizations should be permitted to operate as nonprofit entities. This will allow for the income of tax-deductible contributions. 2. The Public radio and TV should reorient their emphasis to local news reporting.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">3. Private universities should make the reporting this new form of news part of an educational mission

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">4. A new fund for local news should be made with the money from the FCC

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">5. Organizations should increase the accessibility and usefulness of public information.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 0.75in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">C. <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Alternative Voices

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-Much like the coming of the blogs, cutbacks have led to a huge increase in the creation of a new phenomenon of citizen journalism. This is something that many larger new originations are moving to because of the fact it is lowering costs.

<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 1em 0px 1em 1in; line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">-Citizen Journalism: also known as citizen media or community journalism, is the activist amateurs and concerned citizens, not professional journalists. People that still want to get the truth across and inform others about a topic. <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2level1lfo1">