CMF Ch 9

Group 1
          I.             Magazines in the Age of Specialization

a. Since the 1740s (p.316) Matt Offet

-In the 1740’s magazines became the nation’s first form of mass media. They reached a much wider base than newspapers did, as newspapers were more local publications. Magazines reflected the social and cultural issues of the period, as they created a forum for these topics to be covered. Some of the important subjects magazines covered in the early years of magazines were public education, slavery, women’s suffrage, literacy and the Civil War (Cambell et al., 316). Magazines continue to reflect our society and feed our consumer culture by showing us the latest products.

       II. The Early History of Magazines (p.316): Kaley Lengacher -The seventeenth century is when the first magazines appeared. Rather than appearing like the magazines we have today, they first appeared as “bookseller catalogues and notices that book publishers inserted in newspapers” (CMF p. 316). Magazines originally shared information that came from the newspapers. When magazines first came around they meant “storehouse”. Now today it means the collection of different stories, articles, and even advertisements (CMF p. 316).

-Magazines can be purchased in print or even digitally now. People can download magazines onto their tablets and/or phones.

a.        The First Magazines (p.316-317)

-Most of the European magazines were very political. The first political magazine was called the Review. The Review was edited by Daniel Defoe who was a political activist and novelist of Robinson Crusoe. These political magazines often times included arguments and comments on politics.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-There were other magazines that offered political information and other information as well. These were mostly found in London. Some examples of these newspapers were the Tatler and the ''Spectator. ''Both of these magazines shared poetry, philosophy on London’s finest, and political information.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.0pt; margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-The word magazine was first published on Gentleman’s Magazine in 1731 in London. This magazine had newspaper articles, books, and political information. Defoe, Samuel Johnson, and Alexander Pope eventually had work published by this magazine.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">b. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family: Times;color:#2C2C2C">      <span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">Magazines in Colonial America (p.317-318)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica; color:#2C2C2C">-In colonial America, there was a lack of literacy. Because of this deficit, newspapers and magazines slowly made their way there. Those who were educated like politicians often read newspapers and magazines.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:99.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-Andrew Bradford started the first colonial newspaper in 1741 called the American Magazine, or A Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies. Eventually, three days later to be exact, Bradford had competition. Benjamin Franklin created the ''General Magazine and Historical Chronicle. ''Franklin was able to mail his magazine without paying for the high postal rates. Franklin’s magazine beat out Bradford’s. <span style="color:rgb(44,44,44);font-family:Helvetica;font-size:10pt;">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:99.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">-In the 1740s is when the magazines really took off in colonial America. Magazines who were successful printed information keeping up on European events. Some of the successful magazines were the New York’s  Independent Reflector and Pennsylvania Magazine (by Thomas Paine).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:99.0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:99.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#2C2C2C">All resources used from :

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:99.0pt">''<span style="color:rgb(44,44,44);font-family:Helvetica;">Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013). Nedia and Culture: Mass Communication a Digital Age. Bedford St. Martin's: New York. ''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">c. U.S. Magazines  in the Nineteenth Century (Aaron Swaidner)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">

<p class="MsoNormal">  After the Revolutionary War and into the early 19th century, American magazine growth was slow due to things such as delivery costs and weight (which led to postal carriers refusing to carry them). By 1800, only twelve magazines operated in the United States. This would increase to around one hundred magazines by 1825, with about five hundred failing between the past twenty-five years. Magazine circulation at the time was at the community level, stressing issues on local affairs, government activity, and politics, along with additional material shared from other sources. Finances were tough for these small operations, though some advertising sales existed.

<p class="MsoNormal"> <p class="MsoNormal">  Beyond this point, the concept of specialized magazines came into being, with many pertaining to religion (the Christian Journal and Advocate claimed 25k subscribers by 1826), but also, the emergence of the literary magazine developed, such as The North American Review, which brought people the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Mark Twain. Other specialized magazines pertained to professions, lifestyles, and topics, reaching people who shared similar interests (such as American Farmer).

<p class="MsoNormal"> <p class="MsoNormal">  The 1800s also saw nationally circulating general interest magazines. 1821’s Saturday Evening Post, from Charles Alexander and Samuel Coate Atkinson became the longest running magazine in American history. The magazine contained original essays as well as pieces taken from other sources. The Post also became the first major magazine to appeal to women directly with it’s “Lady’s Friend” column.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">d. National, Women’s, and Illustrated Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">

<p class="MsoNormal">  American advancements led to a market created for national magazines due to a rise in literacy and education, as well as technological advances in printing and mail delivery (railroads). By 1850, around six hundred magazines were published regularly (with many others failing in under a year). 1865’s The Nation created the national magazine format (a magazine still in circulation to this day). http://www.thenation.com/archive#axzz2ZyAnQvIk -Here is a link to The Nation and it's archive, if you're a member, it has everything dating back to it's very first issue in 1865!

<p class="MsoNormal"> <p class="MsoNormal">  1828’s Ladie’s Magazine, by Sarah Josepha Hale was the 1st magazine directed to an exclusive female audience. It tackled women’s education, work, and property rights. Her merger with rival Godey’s Lady’s Book saw the largest distribution of any American magazine at the time, 40,000 by 1850. Ten years later, circulation was 150,000. Godey’s helped to educated working and middle class women who were otherwise denied access to higher forms of education.

<p class="MsoNormal"> <p class="MsoNormal">  Illustration became another major player in magazine development, becoming a major feature by the 1850’s. Godey’s had employed about 150 women for color-tinting and stencil drawing it’s magazine. The Civil War saw Harper’s as a source for battlefield sketches. The combination of illustration and text allowed for magazines to become a mass medium. Photography would come later, becoming popularized in the 1860’s by people such as Mathew Brady (who documented the Civil War via photography), yet the technology to reproduce photographs would not come until the end of the century, in the 1890’s.

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">''<span style="color:rgb(44,44,44);font-family:Helvetica;">Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013). Nedia and Culture: Mass Communication a Digital Age. Bedford St. Martin's: New York. ''

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

Group 2
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1">          I.             The Development of Modern American Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">a. Social Reform and the Muckrakers

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0level3lfo1">                                                                i.       Define Muckraker

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">Audrey Neeley                         

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in">B. The Rise of General-Interest Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:147.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"> ·            After World War 1 and into the 1950s, general-interest magazines were the dominant form of publications that offered some investigative articles and also covered a wide range of topics that aimed at a broad audience.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:147.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"> ·            Photojournalism was a key aspect in general-interest magazines and used photos to document aspects of daily life. High-quality photos gave magazines a visual edge over radio, which was most popular at that time. Over one hundred magazines competed with radio stations for a national audience.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">'' 1. Saturday Evening Post''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Has been around since 1821 but by the nineteenth century they only had a circulation of ten thousand. Cyrus Curtis bought the Post in 1897 and made it into the first widely popular general-interest magazine. Curtis’ reinvented the magazine by popular fiction and romanticizing American values through words and pictures. In the magazine there were also articles about the business boom of the 1920s.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            The Saturday Evening Post reversed the journalistic style of the muckraking era which focused on business corruption. In the 1920s is when the Post reached 2 million in circulation and was the first magazine to do so.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2">http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">'' 2. Reader’s Digest''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Dewitt Wallace and Lila Acheson Wallace started the magazine in 1922 in a Greenwich Village basement. They championed printing condensed articles from other magazines. At first the Wallace’s did not use advertising and only sold the magazine through subscription.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            During the Great Depression the circulation was over one million even though there were high productions costs and a low price. In 1946 it was the most popular magazine in the nation and by the mid-1980s was the most circulated magazine in the world reaching 30 million readers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Now in 2012 the circulation has fell to 5.5 million readers after suffering a bankruptcy.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">'' 3. Time''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Henry Luce and Briton Hadden launched the magazine in 1923. The magazine used interpretive journalism and assigned reporter-researcher teams to cover stories. Then a rewriter editor would arrange the article in narrative form for an interpretive view.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            By 1930 Time had a circulation of 200,000 and increased to over 3 million in the mid-1960s. The success of the magazine encouraged copy cats like Newsweek (1933-) and Week (2001-).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            With the competition of the internet and a shrinking number of readers, advertisers took their toll on the top three news weeklies. Time’s circulation is currently stagnant with 3.3 million readers. Other magazines like Newsweek had even bigger losses with a hit of $30 million in 2009 and sold for $1 and it debts. To compete online and get new readers, Newsweek merged with Daily Beast, which is ran by former magazine editor Tine Brown and still struggles with profitability.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">'' 4. Life''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Oversized pictorial weeklies like Life is what really symbolized the general-interest genre. Henry Luce launched Life in 1936. Life competed with radio by combining the public’s fascination with images, radio journalism, fashion photography, and the popularity of advertising.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            The magazine had a pass-along readership, where the total number of people who would come into contact with a single issue of the magazine was more than 17 million. A following like this rivaled ratings of popular radio programs.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Wilson Hicks was the first editor of the magazine and used to be a picture editor for the ''Associated Press. ''The staff of the magazine consisted of renowned photographers and reporters that chronicled the world’s events from the late 1930s through the 1960s.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2"> ·            Margaret Bourke-White was one of Life’s most famous photojournalists, was the first woman war correspondent to fly in a combat mission during World War II. Gordon Parks was also a famous photojournalist for Life. He later became the first African American to direct a major feature film in Hollywood. Today, Google now hosts a photographic archive for Life.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:2.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo2">http://life.time.com/

<p class="MsoNormal">Sources:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"> 1. Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013). Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age. Bedford St. Martin’s: New York.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 2. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Life <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">. 27 07 2013: n. page. Web. 24 Jul. 2013. <http://life.time.com/>.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 3. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Saturday Evening Post <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">. 24 07 2013: n. page. Web. 24 Jul. 2013. <http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/>.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1">       I

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">II. The Fall of General-Interest Magazines (Michael Saylor, Group 2)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. TV Guide is Born (p. 326)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The first such guide was created by none other than a publications company named Triangle Publications back in the year 1953. This was a company headed by Walker Anneburg and it used examples from Readers Digest and a sales strategy used by a store to get the TV Guide out into the market (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This guide helped to spur American’s newly found curiosity in new specialized magazines, the already high sales power at store checkouts and kept the rates for women’s magazines the same. Lastly, the TV Guide shows us that magazines face the same obstacles as other forms of mass media in the decade of the 1950’s (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fox news company was greatly benefited from the introduction as it could use the TV Guide to make sure all of its programs were included and eventually utilized it in the 1990’s to feature their programs in various magazines (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TV guide was handed over to a “private venture capital firm” in the year 2008 for a measly one dollar which was in fact lesser than what you would pay for a single issue of the guide (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Saturday Evening Post, Life, and Look Expire (p. 327)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">All of these “general interest” magazines were despite each having a top ten circulation rating and around six million individuals who read the issues (readership) (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">These magazines expired for the following reasons:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Publishers were marketing them for less than what they were made for (cost of production) to uphold the current rates of circulation (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Revenue pies that accounted for the difference in price for Life and Look were paired with network television

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 135pt; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Postal cost increases for bigger publication companies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. People Puts Life Back into Magazines (p. 328)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-add-space: auto;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The magazine named People was a prosperous magazine that was mass marketed beginning in early 1974 by Time Incorporated. If you are interested in how it was advertised, click on the following video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=rMX2DU2xios

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-add-space: auto;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Was one of the very few successful magazines of its kind and it has articles featuring photos of celebrities and general interest stories (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-add-space: auto;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">With this layout, People has become the number one revenue-generating magazine, taking in $1.5 billion annually and it even has caused magazines to try and rival it such as the Entertainment Weekly and Star magazines (Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2013)).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

Group 3
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1">          I. <span style="color:rgb(44,44,44);font-family:'TimesNewRoman';font-size:11pt;text-indent:-48pt;">  I. Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age (Edited by Ali King) <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:99.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-27.0pt; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l3level1lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">a. Magazines Move Online:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:132.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.5in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1level1lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">i. The Internet has become more accepted in the magazine industry. Magazines are saving an exceptional amount of money on paper and printing. The Internet not only allows magazines to reach a diverse group of readers and consumers, they also have an unlimited amount of space (CMF, 328).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:132.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.5in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1level1lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">ii. The Internet also allows magazines to have a variety of features. The text uses examples such as PopularMechanics.com, who have 3D models which makes DIY projects a more simple task (CMF, 329). Also, there are several magazines that have printable coupons available on their website. Essentially, the Internet has given the magazine industry a great way to reach more consumers. (CMF, 329).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:132.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">http://www.popularmechanics.com

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:132.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> Here is a link to popularmechanics.com.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:99.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-27.0pt; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l3level1lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">b. Paperless: Magazines Embrace Digital Content:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.5in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l2level1lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">i.  Webzines  are magazines that are only online, not in print. Salon and Slate are two examples of webzines. These two online magazines discuss both culture and politics, which consumers have been drawn to considering Salon is the top online magazine (CMF, 329).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">http://www.salon.com

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> Here is a link to the webzine, Salon.com.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.5in; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l2level1lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:#2C2C2C">ii. MSN Wonderwall has a format that is only usable as a digital magazine, not a printed magazine. This is because they have a wide range of features that wouldn’t be possible through a printed magazine (CMF, 329). Magazines are even creating apps and which allow for more advertising opportunities (CMF, 329).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">http://wonderwall.msn.com

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:13.0pt;margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> Here is a link to MSN Wonderwall. Make sure to check out their online features!

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.0pt;text-indent:-48.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">       II. The Domination of Specialization: As television became more and more popular, the magazine industry realized that they needed to shift their thinking. This resulted in developing magazines that are specified to certain audiences such as young/ old people (CMF, 331). Magazines also decided that they needed smaller audiences so they could get advertisers (CMF, 331). Magazines are categorized by the type of advertisements placed in their magazines. Some of these magazines include consumer magazines, business magazines, trade magazines, and farm magazines (CMF, 331)). This allows for magazines to run specific ads that are of interest to their target audience.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:99.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-27.0pt;mso-list:l3level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:#2C2C2C">c. Men’s and Women’s Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0level1lfo4"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:#2C2C2C">i. Since television was becoming so popular, the magazine industry came to a conclusion that they needed to provide magazines that included more adult content. This brought on magazines like Playboy by Hugh Hefner (1953) whose target audience was men (CMF, 331).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0level1lfo4"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:#2C2C2C">ii. Another target audience for magazines was women. This brought on magazines such as Better Homes and Gardens and Good Housekeeping, which were incredibly popular. These magazines also allowed women to obtain careers in editing, which were usually jobs for men (CMF, 331).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space: auto">http://www.goodhousekeeping.com

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:135.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"> Here is a link to the magazine, ''Good Houskeeping. ''Make sure to look at how they target women as their audience. What kind of articles do they have and why do they appeal to women?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.75in;mso-add-space: auto">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto"> Campbell, Richard, Christopher R. Martin, and Bettina Fabos. Media and culture: an introduction to mass communication. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. Print.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-0.25in;">1. Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines (Angela Jasinski)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. There are many different types of magazines that are suited for everyone’s interest from hunting, cooking, exercise, sports, and even video games, travel, music etc. obviously there are many more out there that is just a few. There are a few that are very well known to everyone are, Sports Illustrated, National Geographic, and The Rolling Stone. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 331)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-1.5in;">                                                i. Sports Illustrated is a very popular sports magazine that has been around for some time now. It was started by Henry Luce’s Time Inc. in 1954, which at that time they were trying to have its audience be well-education, middle-class men. Obviously today it is very popular to all ages, men and women. This magazine is designed for anyone that is interested in sports from football all the way to snorkeling. Sports Illustrated does have competitors such as, ESPN the Magazine and Golf Digest, Out-side, and Pro Football Weekly. You can even access the magazine and articles online from current stories to today’s stories. The magazine is growing each and every day. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 332)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com/ The website to access the magazine

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-1.5in;">                                              ii. Those who are interested in music would normally pick up the most popular magazine out there The Rolling Stone’s, this magazine has been a very popular magazine sense 1967. 1982 the magazine was selling up to 800,000 copies and by 2012 they were over 1.4 million. But there are a couple magazines that are for those who are interested in hip hop The source and if you’re a country fan you would turn to Country Weekly. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 332)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. http://www.rollingstone.com/ The magazine website

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-1.5in;">                                             iii. Those who are into geography would turn to the popular National Geographic. This magazine was the first to be publishing both undersea and aerial color photographs. The magazine started in 1910 and became a TV show in 1965 which was ranked the most popular program in history of television. In 1935 it reached to 1 million in sells, and went up to 10 million by the 1970’s but it did have a fall starting in 1990 dropping to 9 million and by 2012 it was at 4.2 million. Besides the fall the magazine is still very popular and considered one of the country’s best magazines for photojournalism. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 332)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ this is the website that you can accesses to the magazine and TV show.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">b. Magazines for the Ages

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-1.5in;">                                                i. Magazines today have grown with their readers not just having one type of age group but having it from all age groups. There are those magazines that do attract certain ages.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">1. Highlights for Children and Ranger Rick are a couple of magazines that will be more for preschool and elementary students, by having games and drawings to teach them. In 2012 Highlights for Children was the highest in children’s magazine. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 333)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. http://www.highlights.com/ This is the website where you can join clubs for your kids and order the magazines for highlights

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">2. A very popular magazine for female teens these days is Seventeen, this magazine has all the newest updates on their favorite teen celebrity and it also has posters for their rooms. This magazine in 2012 held over 2 million in sells. But another famous magazine that is grabbing more female teen’s attention is Teen Vogue which has the trendiest fashion of the year. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 333)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. http://www.seventeen.com/ This is the website for the magazine

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">3. A very popular magazine that is targeting ten men would be ''Maxim. ''This magazine is known as the ultimate guys guide, it has the hottest clothes, fitness, gadgets, sports, etc. This magazine was one of the fastest growing magazines in the 1990’s. By 2005 it was up to 2.5 million. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 333)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. www.maxim .com This is the website you can go to get check out the magazine

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">4. There are magazines that are even tended for those who are retired, the AARP (The American Association of Retired Persons) and The Magazine’s which started in 1958. The AARP is bimonthly subscriptions and they even send you an AARP bulletin when you sign up. It varies from the latest, lifestyles, travel, money, health and entertainment issues, etc. This is a very popular magazine by 2012 it had nearly 22 million copies sold. (Campbell, Martin, Fabos pg. 333)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">a. http://www.aarp.org/magazine/ This is the website you can visit to check it out

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-0.25in;">c. Elite Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:24px;text-indent:-1.5in;">                                                i. Elite Magazines are attended for a highly educated audience. The magazines have a wide range from literature, criticism, humor, and journalism. The elite magazines grew and consist of the Atlantic Monthly, Vanity Fair, and Harper’s. But, today the most popular elite magazine would have to be the New York. This magazine started by Harold Ross, 1925 which became the very first magazine that reached out to upscale audience. The magazine varies from entertainment, bars, shopping, restaurants, news, etc.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">http://nymag.com/ If you go onto this website you can check out the New York magazine and see what it is all about.

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">                  E. Minority-Targeted Magazines (Media and Culture, 2013, pp. 334 – 335)  Grant Kunkel

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">             As the textbook states, minority-targeted magazines have been in existence for a long time – a long                   time meaning before the American Civil War (1860's). These types of magazines began in reference to                   the enslavement of African-Americans and sought to bring the subject of slavery into a new light. The                     significance of this type of magazine is that it gave a voice to minority groups in the mainstream                           media. Some examples of the early minority-targeted magazines were the Emancipator, Liberator,                        Reformer, and the Crisis, with the Crisis being the most influential of the early African-American                            magazines to hit the market. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People                              (NAACP) took note of Crisis' popularity and made it the official magazine of the NAACP.

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">                     In the 1940's, a Chicago insurance salesman named John H. Johnson started publishing the Negro                    Digest. Due to the magazines success in the market, Johnson was able to start his own publishing                      company as well as other minority-targeted magazines, such as Ebony, Jet,  and Essence (Media and                  Culture,  2013, pp. 334 – 335).

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">                  Here is a link for an online directory of African-American magazines currently being published:

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">http://dir.yahoo.com/regional/countries/united_states/society_and_culture/cultures_and_groups/cultures/american__united_states_/african_american/news_and_media/magazines/

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">               Another type of minority-targeted magazines is directed towards the homosexual community. The                       Advocate was published in 1967 and was the first magazine that addressed issues that were of                             concern or interest to the homosexual community. Currently, Out is the top-selling homosexual-                           targeted magazine (Media and Culture, 2013, pg. 335). Here is a link, which contains an online                            directory of homosexual magazines on a global scale:

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_periodicals

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">              Since the 1980's, publishers have increasingly stressed magazines that are concentrated on                               Hispanic immigrants as well as other Spanish-speaking individuals. For example, in 1983, De Armas                     Spanish Magazine Network began to publish and distribute Spanish versions of popular magazines,                        like ''Cosmopolitan en Espanol. Also, magazines, like Latina, ''were quite popular with the Hispanic                          population because of their bilingual content. The following link presents some interesting points of                        the impact of minority magazines and even relates to one of the discussion topics for this week                            (hegemony).

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">http://www.academia.edu/1508506/Minority_Females_and_the_Thin_Ideal_Ethnic_versus_Mainstream_Fashion_Magazines_and_Their_Effects_on_Acculturation_and_Body_Image_in_Young_Black_and_Latino_Women

<p style="margin-bottom:0in">          F. Supermarket Tabloids (Media and Culture, 2013, pp. 335 – 336)

<p style="margin-bottom:0in;font-style:normal">              Few people can go to the grocery store or virtually any place of retail without being exposed to                           supermarket tabloids, such as the National Enquirer, Star, Us Weekly, or People. Even though                              tabloids have been used in the mid- to late-1800's, the present-day tabloid in the United States                             started in 1926 with William Randolph Hearst's National Enquirer. Hearst's original purpose for this                         magazine was to promote human dignity and rights; however, he was more inclined to make profits,                       so he focused his magazine instead on bad news, such as accidents and affairs (otherwise known as                   the “gore formula”). By the 1960's, the National Enquirer was entirely focused on this sort of news. The                   significance of the tabloids are that “bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent                         accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip” is a profitable                         way for magazines to be successful on the market and also a way for certain publishers to get their                       stories into the hands of the consumer, regardless of how bizarre that particular story may be (Media                     and Culture, 2013, pp. 335 – 336). In the following link is an interesting paper on supermarket tabloids                   that one may find applicable and enlightening concerning the topic of tabloids.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1">http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/knaubd2007-1.pdf

Group 4
<h3 class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level1lfo1">      CMF <p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">CMF CH-9 Kyle George <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1"> v The Organization and Economics of Magazines

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   There is a great amount of diversity in the magazine world; however, no matter the size, all magazines are operated based on certain functions: Production, Content, Ads, and Sales.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1"> v Magazine Departments and Duties

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Editorial and Production

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Editors are the primary controllers of the content within magazines (excluding ads). Editors usually have a specific ‘chain of command’ that includes the editor in chief, managing editor, and a variety of subeditors.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Editors help/manage the content in various ways by determining what material is displayed in the magazine. This includes oversight in the areas of photography, illustration, reporting, writing, layout, design, and copyediting.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Editors review the work put forth by the staff writers (who work for the magazine) and freelance writers who are not associated with the magazine.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   The rise of desktop publishing has not stopped commercial magazine publishers from employing hundreds of people in several different departments.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   One such department, and a very important one at that, is the production and technology department. This section maintains computers and printing hardware needed for mass media publication. In order to provide national coverage, large magazines will often utilize various regional printing sites, rather than maintaining their own expensive print facilities. The production and technology department sends digital copies of the magazines to these facilities where local ads are inserted and distribution is faster.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Advertising and Sales

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Much like the case of radio stations, magazines rely heavily on the revenue brought in by selling ad space. The more popular a magazine becomes, the more expensive it is to place ads within it’s pages. Advertising and sales departments secure clients, arrange promotions, and place ads for magazines.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Rate cards are used to display how much a particular page will cost for an advertiser to place an ad. Large, popular magazines may charge up to $350,000 for a full page (in color) and $103,000 for a third of a page (in black and white). However, rate cards are typically negotiable and many magazines will offer rate discounts.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Ads have been estimated to take up about 50% of the space in a magazine, while editorial content makes up the other half. This average is usually favored more towards ads in fashion magazines.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Traditional ads have been around for more than 100 years, however, tablet editions have opened up the possibility for vast amounts of ad formats. For example, Conde Nast magazine offers static display ads on iPad and kindle, as well as a plethora of other advertising options like: audio, video, tap and reveal, and panoramic views.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Some magazines, like Highlights for Children, rely solely on subscriptions and newsstand sales for revenue, foregoing the advertising arena all together. Other magazines have stopped using advertising to maintain credibility or to prevent sending the wrong message to it’s readers.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Editors of magazines have become increasingly worried about offending advertisers, since some advertisers have gone as far as cancelling their ads when a magazine features unflattering information about a company or industry. The unwillingness of editors to offend advertisers has led to the decline of investigative journalism (which was once central to popular magazines in the muckraking era)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   When TVs popularity began drawing advertisers away from magazines, the magazines had to adapt by creating different editions. These special editions included: Regional editions, which were suited towards the interest of the region they were distributed to; Split run editions, which allotted space for local and regional companies to place ads; Demographic editions, which target specific audiences thus guaranteeing advertisers they would be able to reach a certain group. These special editions helped magazines maintain revenue streams when the rise of TV threatened their stability.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Circulation and Distribution

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   The circulation and distribution department in a magazine controls the single-copy and subscription sales.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Newsstands used to account for about 43% of magazine sales, however, that number has fallen significantly and today 92% of revenue comes from subscription sales.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   One particularly tricky way magazines have been able to increase revenue, is to ask subscribers to renew long before they actually need to. This gives magazines money to invest and earn interest on, which protects them when people drop their subscription.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   Evergreen subscriptions actually automatically charge subscribers credit cards unless they request the auto-renewal to be stopped. Controlled circulations make money purely from corporate sponsorships and advertising, and place magazines in areas with captive audiences like airplanes.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level3lfo1"> §   While these other strategies have helped, nothing has proven more successful than the migration of magazines to digital distribution. This method provides a way for anyone to subscribe and read magazines online through devices like iPad, Kindle, and Nexus, which also saves magazines money by not having to print and distribute physical copies.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1"> v Major Magazine Chains

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Magazine ownership runs along the same lines as TV, where a handful of the top companies practically control the entire market. Even though several hundred new magazines come out each year, it is very difficult for these smaller and usually independent magazines to make it.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Time Inc. (Subsidiary of Time Warner) is the largest magazine chain in the U.S. with 21 major titles. Time Warner has been quite successful with promoting subsidiary content through its magazines. For example, Time Warner and CBS entered a 14 year pact for exclusive TV, internet, and wireless rights to NCAA’s D1 tourney (March Madness)Time Inc.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   A major producer of upscale magazines, Conde Nast, controls several magazines like: Vanity Fair, GQ, and Vogue.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Other top players include: Rodale, Meredith Corp, Hearst Corp. These magazine producers have put out magazines like Men’s Health, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, and Elle.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Some magazines have created niche markets by distributing to specific regions worldwide. However, most American magazines are local, regional, or specialized making them less exportable compared to movies and TV. Out of 20,000 titles only 200 regularly circulate around the world, but even this small number of magazines plays a role in determining the look of global culture.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Magalogs have been a source for increased revenue. They combine the look of magazines with the retail aspect of catalogues.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1"> v Alternative Voices

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Only 84 of the 20,000 magazines in the U.S. distribute over 1 million copies. This leaves the alternative magazines to attempt to satisfy a small group of readers. Unfortunately, many fail while many others start up each month.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   In the past, alternative magazines were determined to be either left (liberal) or right (conservative). However, these categories have been expanded upon to include environmental and punk ‘zines’ (a term used to describe self-published magazines). Utne Reader, a popular alternative magazine, defines alternative as anything that doesn’t try to reinvent the status quo.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   While some alternative magazines have gone on to become quazi-mainstream, most are content to remain outside the mainstream.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1"> v Magazines in a Democratic Society

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Magazines have been an influence on American society, pushing us from being producers to being consumers. Magazines have lost much of the influence they had before the 1950s. They no longer create a sense of national identity.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Even though magazines attempt to provide people with information, they tend to view readers as consumers instead of citizens. The reliance on advertising prevents magazines from showing what could be considered controversial content.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level2lfo1"> Ø   Good magazines maintain the concepts of uniting separate communities, and offering in-depth analyses of important information. Good magazines also realize the importance of words in an ever-evolving digital era. <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.5in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level1lfo1">

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo1">References: